Zinc Protoporphyrin | Lab Tests Online (2025)

Sources Used in Current Review

Kaneshiro, N, et. al. (2018 February 19, Reviewed). Anemia caused by low iron - infants and toddlers. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007618.htm. Accessed on 3/16/19.

Kanuri, G. et. al. (2018 December). Optimizing diagnostic biomarkers of iron deficiency anemia in community-dwelling Indian women and preschool children. Haematologica. 2018 Dec; 103(12): 1991–1996. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269316/. Accessed on 3/16/19.

Teshome, E. et. al. (2017 July 27). Diagnostic utility of zinc protoporphyrin to detect iron deficiency in Kenyan preschool children: a community-based survey. BMC Hematol. 2017; 17: 11. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532779/. Accessed on 3/16/19.

(2015 September).Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Screening. US Preventive Services Task Force. Available online at https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-young-children-screening#consider. Accessed on 3/16/19.

(© 1995-2019). Zinc Protoporphyrin, Blood. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Available online at https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/89375. Accessed on 3/16/19.

O’Malley, G. and O’Malley, R. (2018 January, Reviewed). Lead Poisoning. Merck Manual Professional Version. Available online at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/lead-poisoning?query=zinc%20protoporphyrin. Accessed on 3/16/19.

(2017 June 12). Lead Toxicity Clinical Assessment - Diagnostic Tests and Imaging. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry CE. Available online at https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=34&po=13. Accessed on 3/16/19.

Mei, Z. et. al. (2017 May 31). Is Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin a Better Single Screening Test for Iron Deficiency Compared to Hemoglobin or Mean Cell Volume in Children and Women? Nutrients. 2017 May 31;9(6). Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490536/pdf/nutrients-09-00557.pdf. Accessed on 3/16/19.

Hennig, G. et. al. (2016 February 17). Non-invasive detection of iron deficiency by fluorescence measurement of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin in the lip. Nature Communications volume 7, Article number: 10776 (2016). Available online at https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10776. Accessed on 3/16/19.

Magge H, et al., Zinc protoporphyrin and iron deficiency screening: trends and therapeutic response in an urban pediatric center. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Apr;167(4):361-7. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.751 Available on line at file:///C:/Users/Tony/Downloads/poa120081_361_367%20(3).pdf. Accessed 4/14/2019.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

Porphyrins, Blood and Serum. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_143b.jsp#1145040.

(2000 May 19, Revised). The Interaction of Iron and Erythropoietin. Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders [On-line information]. Available online at http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/iron_epo.html.

Iron Metabolism Disorders. ZPP Hematofluorometer. AVIV Biomedical [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.avivbiomedical.com/Pages/IRON%20METAB.html.

Staudinger, K. and Roth, V. (1998 February 15). Occupational Lead Poisoning. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/980215ap/stauding.html.

Labbe, R., et. al. (1987). Zinc protoporphyrin. Past, present, and future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol 514 (1) [Abstract]. Available online at http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/514/1/7.

Mei, Z., et. al. (2003). Erythrocyte protoporphyrin or hemoglobin: which is a better screening test for iron deficiency in children and women? American Society for Clinical Nutrition, AM J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1229-33.

Roh, Y., et. al. (2000). Zinc Protoporphyrin IX Concentrations between Normal Adults and the Lead-Exposed Workers Measured by HPLC, Spectrofluorometer, and Hematofluorometer. Industrial Health 2000, 38, 372-379. [On-line journal]. PDF available for download at http://www.niih.go.jp/en/indu_hel/2000/pdf/IH38_48.pdf.

The Heme Biosynthetic Pathway. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section2/chapter14/14a.jsp.

Lead Poisoning. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section19/chapter263/263b.jsp.

DiGuiseppi, C. (1996). Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Second Edition Metabolic, Nutritional, and Environmental Disorders Screening for Elevated Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy, Recommendation. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996. [On-line information]. Available online at http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/texts/gcps/gcps0033.html.

(60 FR 52856, Oct. 11, 1995; 63 FR 1152, Jan. 8, 1998) Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR), Employee standard summary - 1910.1025 App B. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) [Current on-line Regulation Standard for Lead Exposure]. Available online throughhttp://www.osha.gov.

(57 FR 26627, May 4, 1993, as amended at 58 FR 34218, June 24, 1993). Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR), Medical Surveillance Guidelines - 1926.62 App C. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) [Current on-line Regulation Standard for Lead Exposure]. Available online through http://www.osha.gov.

Labbe, R., et. al. (1999). Observations on the Zinc Protoporphyrin/Heme Ratio in Whole Blood. Clinical Chemistry, Technical Briefs 45:146-148 [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/1/146.

Labbe, R., et. al. (1999). Zinc Protoporphyrin: A Metabolite with a Mission. Clinical Chemistry 45:2060-2072 [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/12/2060.

CDC. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/books/plpyc/chapter3.htm#Lead-Based%20Paint.

Wu, A. (2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Fourth Edition. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri. Pp 1154-1156.

(1993 June 24, Amended). Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) Medical Surveillance Guidelines - 1926.62 App C. OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration Medical Surveillance Guidelines [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10644. Accessed on 8/16/07.

(2006 July). Comparative Effectiveness of Zinc Protoporphyrin and Hemoglobin Concentrations in Identifying Iron Deficiency in a Group of Low-Income, Preschool-Aged Children: Practical Implications of Recent Illness. Pediatrics v118(1) [On-line information]. Available online at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/118/1/224. Accessed on 8/18/07.

Rettmer, R. et. al., (1999 September 3). Zinc Protoporphyrin/Heme Ratio for Diagnosis of Preanemic Iron Deficiency. Pediatrics v104 (3) [On-line information]. Available online at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/3/e37. Accessed on 8/16/07.

(© 2007). Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP), Whole Blood. ARUP's Laboratory Test Directory [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.aruplab.com/guides/ug/tests/0020605.jsp. Accessed on 8/18/07.

(© 2007). Protoporphyrin, Free Erythrocyte, and Zinc Protoporphyrin. LabCorp Test Information [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.labcorp.com/datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/bm007100.htm. Accessed on 8/18/07.

Dombeck TA and Satonik RC. The Porphyrias. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. Volume 23, Issue 3, Pp 885-899.

Arup Laboratories. Test Directory: Zinc Protoporphyrin (Online information). Available online athttp://www.aruplab.com/guides/ug/tests/0020605.jsp. Accessed October 2007.

Quest Diagnostics. Test Menus: Zinc Protoporphyrin (Online information). Available online through http://cas2.questdiagnostics.com. Accessed October 2007.

(March 12, 2011) Mayo Clinic. Symptoms of Lead Poisoning. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/lead-poisoning/FL00068/DSECTION=symptoms. Accessed April 2011.

(August 6, 2010) Barclay B. Iron-Deficiency Anemia Linked to Memory Deficits in Children. Medscape Medical News. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/726423. Accessed April 2011.

Mayo Medical Laboratories. Zinc Protoporphyrin, Blood. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/300009. Accessed April 2011.

(July 26, 2010) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine, Lead Toxicity: What Tests Can Assist with Diagnosis of Lead Toxicity? Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/pbtests_diagnosis2.html. Accessed April 2011.

OSHA: Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR). Medical Surveillance Guidelines - 1926.62 App C, June 24 1993. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10644. Accessed April 2011.

Baumann-Blackmore NL, et.al. Cord blood zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio in minority neonates at risk for iron deficiency. J Pediatr. 2008 Jul;153(1):133-6. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571551. Accessed April 2011.

Zimmerman M, et al. Serum transferrin receptor and zinc protoporphyrin as indicators of iron status in African children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 81, No. 3, 615-623, March 2005. Available online at http://www.ajcn.org/content/81/3/615.full. Accessed April 2011.

Rettmer R, et al. Zinc Protoporphyrin/Heme Ratio for Diagnosis of Preanemic Iron Deficiency. Pediatrics, Sep 1999; 104: e37. Available online at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/3/e37. Accessed April 2011.

(April 2011) National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute. How is iron-deficiency anemia diagnosed? Available online at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ida/ida_diagnosis.html. Accessed April 2011.

ARUP Laboratories. Test Directory Catalog, Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP), Whole Blood Industrial. Available online at http://www.aruplab.com/guides/ug/tests/0020614.jsp. Accessed May 2011.

Kathuria, P. et. al. (Updated 2014 January 29). Lead Toxicity. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1174752-overview. Accessed August 2014.

Strathmann, F. (Updated 2014 June). Lead Poisoning. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/LeadPoisoning.html?client_ID=LTD. Accessed August 2014.

(© 1995–2014). Zinc Protoporphyrin, Blood. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/300009. Accessed August 2014.

O'Malley, G. and O'Malley, R. (Revised 2013 February). Lead Poisoning. Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed August 2014.

Yu, K.H. (2011 February). Effectiveness of zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio for screening iron deficiency in preschool-aged children. Nutr Res Pract. Feb 2011; 5(1): 40–45. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061269/. Accessed August 2014.

Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2011). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pg 1056.

Magge H, et al. Zinc Protoporphyrin and Iron Deficiency ScreeningTrends and Therapeutic Response in an Urban Pediatric Center. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(4):361-367. Available online at http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1653081.Accessed August 2014.

Zinc Protoporphyrin | Lab Tests Online (2025)

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